Taxes have a powerful effect on the behaviour of individuals. Indeed, taxation is perhaps the principal means by which modern governments influence the lives and economic well-being of their citizens; it is therefore a central feature in political and economic debate.
The study of tax policy reflects some notable difficulties. It is necessary to determine the short- and long-term economic effects of different tax alternatives in order to assess which system will maximize economic well-being, output, and incomes. But because the taxation system is used for many non-economic purposes, it is also necessary to consider how the system meets citizens’ preferences about non-tax issues (such as health and education) and how much these preferences cost. Further, the tax system itself is used to distribute social welfare subsidies and grants. And, above all, in a democracy the tax system must be fair and be seen to be fair.
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